Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) play a vital role in education research by upholding ethical standards and protecting human subjects. However, critics argue that many IRBs lack the expertise to properly assess social science research and may favor quantitative methods. This article engages with the ongoing debate between empirical and theoretical literature in education, drawing on studies such as Carpenter et al. (2023), who analyzed the balance of these types of scholarship in academic journals. Research shows that theoretical and empirical works often cite within their own domains, highlighting their distinct but complementary contributions. The importance of practical, practitioner-focused articles is also emphasized, as they help bridge theory and real-world application despite sometimes lacking empirical data. Systematic and scoping literature reviews further contribute to educational knowledge through rigorous analysis and synthesis of existing research. Overall, a balanced, methodologically pluralistic approach that values both empirical and theoretical work in teaching and learning.

The Challenges of Implementing a National Scholarly Publication System in IranBackground and Objectives: In order to achieve a stronger position in international scientific communities, it is necessary to strengthen the country's science publishing ecosystem by tackling pathology and removing barriers. In this research, we have explored the complex challenges facing the Iranian scientific publishing ecosystem in order to find out which obstacles are preventing an effective implementation of a robust scholarly publication system.Methodology: This research employed a qualitative methodology, utilizing content analysis to delve into the experiences and perspectives of Iranian scientific publishing experts. The primary data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, designed to elicit rich and nuanced insights from participants. A purposive sample of 19 specialists, actively engaged in scientific or executive roles within scientific centers, was selected for the study. To facilitate data analysis, the researchers utilized MaxQDA software. Within this platform, answers to each interview question were meticulously coded as open codes, allowing for the identification of patterns, themes, and recurring ideas across participant responses. Findings: the obstacles to the scientific publishing ecosystem were examined in 4 dimensions, which include the disadvantages of the lack of an integrated system in the direction of scientific publishing, possible issues in the implementation of the scientific publishing system in Iran, Lack of determination of responsibility and management in the scientific publishing system. The lack of identification of the core players in the planning and decision-making of scientific publishing.Discussion: The problems of the scientific publishing ecosystem of Iran are generally divided into current problems and future problems of the scientific publishing. The findings of this research in the field of current problems include the lack of integration of science publishing systems, the lack of foresight and forecasting for future crises, the lack of a defined institution for the management of scientific publishing; And in the section of future problems include the non-comprehensive laws or outdated regulations and the lack of laws that are suitable for an integrated system of scientific publication, the exclusive rules given to some organizations according to the statutes or regulations, the lack of concern and priority of the future of scientific publication for policy makers and the scientific community, independence and reluctance of scientific centers to participate in the integrated system of scholarly publications.

The main object of this study is analyzing the components and indicators of the scholarly Publication System in the scholarly Publication databases in terms of access, communication, control, infrastructure, language, materials (information resources), support, technology, economics, evaluation, education, ethics and their characteristics. The research community has been identified by content analyzing and 73 databases were extracted, based on the frequency and approval of experts the sample limited to 12 scholarly publication databases. These include the ArXiv, DOAJ, Elsevier, Springer, Google Scholar, PubMed, Nature, Web of Science, Scopus, National Institutes of Health (NIH), SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resource Coalition), and Amazon databases. The checklist designed to study these databases is taken from the scholarly Publication System dimensions. Research findings show that all components have been considered in publication databases and the difference between them returned in scholarly Publication indicators. however, according to the type, age and general policy of the databases, some indicators of components, Like education, economics, and information resources has not received enough attention, in all databases, some components such as technology, support and control and their indicators have an equal importance.

Background and Aim: Influenza is a global epidemic disease that always causes irreparable damage to individuals and countries' health, and the amount of research in this area is increasing. The primary purpose this study is to discover the hidden patterns and emerging events of global influenza publications. Materials and Methods: This article is an applied type was done with an analytical approach and using the Co-word analysis method. This research's statistical population includes all the keywords of documents indexed with influenza's subject in the WOSCC in the last two decades. The number of keywords studied in this article is 26767. MeSH was used to determine the search strategy for document retrieval. Results: The keywords "Avian Influenza" and "Influenza Vaccine" with a frequency of 1302 and 1264 were the most frequent keywords in the subject area of influenza. Findings related to the analysis of clusters by the hierarchical clustering method created 21 clusters in the field of influenza. Seventeen clusters with the most keywords were the largest cluster. The strategic diagram indicated that most influenza subject area clusters are located in the third quadrant of the strategic diagram and are considered emerging or declining subjects. Conclusion: Discovering the intellectual structure, presenting hidden patterns and emerging events of global publications in the field of influenza infections can help governments, communities, and research centers in understanding research advances, optimizing and managing future research topics, and effectively monitoring and policy-making activities—, new research and allocation of facilities and budget.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of semantic web technologies in semantic modeling and representation of scholarly publications (such as articles, books, dissertations, etc. ), which is known as "Semantic Publishing. " Method: This descriptive study was conducted using the documentary method. The "SPAR ontologies" (Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies) were created to describe all aspects of the publishing area. To conduct the research, the website of each of SPAR ontologies and some other related resources were examined. Findings: The SPAR Ontologies are a set of complementary ontologies for the creation of comprehensive machine-readable RDF metadata for every aspect of semantic publishing; including describing the bibliographic information of different types of resources and their parts and components, different types of citations and bibliographic references of scholarly publications, publishing workflow processes (such as roles of agents in the publication process, various types of scientific contributions, different statuses of documents, etc. ), and also metrics and statics for bibliographic resources (such as impact factor, h-index, etc. ). The SPAR ontologies can be divided into four groups, including ontologies for describing the bibliographic information of different types of resources and their parts (i. e., DoCO، DataCite، FaBiO، DEO, & FRBR-DL), ontologies for describing citations of scholarly resources (i. e., BiRO، CiTO, & C4O), ontologies for describing the publishing workflow (i. e., PSO، PRO، SCoRO، PWO، FRAPO, & FR), and ontologies for describing metrics and statics for bibliographic resources (i. e., BiDO, & FiveStars. ( Conclusion: Significant developments in semantic publishing, including changing the way of publishing and sharing research data, improving search capabilities, the possibility of more interaction with users, creating intelligent interfaces and semantic web reasoners, etc., reveals the need for more attention to this area by bibliographic data centers and scientific and research institutes. The use of semantic web languages such as RDF, RDFS, OWL, and SPARQL, to help analyze, process, and interpret scholarly data, makes it possible to increase visibility, discover unknown links between works, find related research, and more. The SPAR ontologies provide the possibility of structuring information related to scholarly publications and the opportunity of describing and semantically representing various dimensions of the publishing area. The relations between semantic publishing and scientometric studies, research data management, evaluation and ranking of journals, reviewing articles, etc., will open new horizons in Knowledge and Information Science studies, and achieving this by relying on semantic web technologies can solve some of the current challenges and problems. Lack of attention to semantic publishing in domestic researches and also the lack of researches that uses SPAR ontologies for semantic modeling and representation of scholarly publications in the Persian language requires more attention and focus on this area.

The first step in the optimization of research is to analyze and review the conducted research to gain a comprehensive overview. Therefore, this study was set to delve into the contributions made to Iranian Applied Linguistics Journals approved by the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology from 2008 to 2019. To analyze the data, frequency analyses were run on 1419 publications. The findings indicated that TEFL-related topics received the most coverage (88%) compared to the other prevalent majors: Linguistics, Translation, and Literature. The study revealed that male contributions (63. 7%) far outweighed those of females (34. 4%). Furthermore, it came to light that co-authorship (59. 95%) was more appreciated among contributors to Iranian applied linguistics journals. Moreover, Islamic Azad University collectively (25. 34%) followed by University of Shiraz (11. 3%) and University of Isfahan (10. 25%) had the highest number of publications. Assistant (32. 12%) and associate professors (21. 86%) had the highest number of publications. It was also found that the US contributors (28. 75%) followed by Australian and Malaysian contributors (13. 75%) made the highest number of foreign contributions to the Iranian EFL journals. Finally, it was revealed that writing-related topics was the most frequently-explored topic (n=164). Corpus-related studies (n=132) and teacher education (n=118) came second and third respectively. The study provides practitioners and researchers with relevant and missing information about the most frequently-explored topics, the most prolific authors, the most productive universities, and the number of foreign contributions.

Background  The 2023-2024 Gaza Genocide has generated notable scholarly discourse, influenced by various historical, political, and social contexts. These academic writings, rooted in the longstanding “war of words,” illustrate how language serves as a potent weapon in conflicts. The present study aimed to analyze the academic response to the 2023-2024 War on Gaza, focusing on the different perspectives, opinions, and lexical choices in scholarly articles. Methods  A scoping review and bibliometric analysis were conducted on articles from PubMed, pertaining to the 2023- 2024 War on Gaza, spanning from October 7, 2023, to October 7, 2024. PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines were used. Individual relevant papers’ data were systematically extracted using a pre-tested form. Articles were categorized based on their stances as pro-Gaza, pro-Israel, or Neutral. Statistical analyses compared the bibliometric data of pro-Gaza and pro-Israel papers, identifying significant associated lexical fields. Factors explaining the different stances were uncovered. Results  Out of 640 articles identified, 221 were included in the review. Among these, 126 (57%), pro-Gaza, 70 (31.7%), pro-Israel, and 25 (11.3%), Neutral. Pro-Gaza papers, often published in high-ranked journals with global affiliations, focused on humanitarian issues, called for a ceasefire and decried the genocide. Conversely, pro-Israel papers, often from local journals and affiliated with Israeli institutions, focused on political and psychosocial aspects, emphasizing selfdefense narratives. Terms independently associated with pro-Gaza positions included “Gaza” in the title, “occupation,” “genocide,” “punishment,” and “ceasefire.” Pro-Israel papers featured “Israel” in the title, references to “October 7,” and mentions of “Hamas.” Conclusion  This study highlights that academic narratives are profoundly influenced by historical contexts, media portrayal, official discourses, and the authors’ socio-political environments. These findings underscore the intricate connection between scholarly discourse and the broader context of chronic occupation, revealing significant limitations in current global health strategies and highlighting the need to integrate humanitarian crises into these frameworks.

Nowadays, it is well clarified that innovation is a complex process that requires the activity of various components. These components have complex relation with each other and are influenced by the environment. Therefore, the topics of innovation requires a systematic view that leads to the formation of the theory of “National Innovation System”. The main feature of this system is the ability of its components in the production, dissemination and application of technologies that have economic value. The science and knowledge, is often presented in the form of articles should be transformed to technology, since the production of science isn’t able to lead to the development of the country alone. Also emphasis of I.R Iran on endogenous growth requires a serious attention to the component of technology production that patent is the indicator of this component. So in this article, with the exact and different look to NIS, a conceptual view is presented and by regarding to the systematic study of documents and valid universal statistics, the quality and quantity of articles and patents of Iran and intended countries have been studied. In fact, in this study the position of science and technology in NIS is investigated. The results show the favorable position of Iran in scientific publication, in contrast to the undesirable position of Iran in patenting that its cause are analyzed.

Introduction: Today, researchers prefer to have most of their required information at their fingertips. Scholarly or research paper recommender systems are intelligent systems that aim to recommend the most appropriate scientific papers or resources based on users' needs. Past studies have shown that contextual information such as users', system' and environment' contexts influence the quality of recommendations. Therefore, the goal of this research is to identify effective user-oriented contextual information which influences the process of recommendation to scholars in medical area and then to present an architecture to design and develop an scholarly recommender system. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 50 medical science professors and PhD studies in order to identify contextual information. Data resulted from interviews were analyzed in three stages using open coding, followed by axial and selective coding, developed in the Grounded Theory methodology. Then, contextual information has been exploited for a multi-layer architecture in design of a scholarly recommender system. Results: The results of our data analysis showed that scholars’ attributes such as purposes, literacy, skills, mental status, suppositions and assumptions, occupational condition, and social status are among the most influential factors which should be considered in designing a scholarly recommender system. Finally, based on the findings, we designed a multilayer system. Conclusion: Exploitation of contextual information in intelligent systems such as recommender systems and search engines leads to a better interaction between users and systems; therefore, the results of this study can be beneficial for designing other systems in this area.